Arduino-Powered High-Speed ADCs: Pushing the Boundaries

Arduino-Powered High-Speed ADCs: Pushing the Boundaries

INTRODUCTION

Arduino boards are widely used for analog-to-digital conversions in hobby and professional projects alike. While the built-in ADCs are sufficient for basic tasks, they often fall short in speed and resolution for more demanding applications such as high-quality audio sampling, real-time waveform analysis, or rapid sensor data acquisition. To truly push the boundaries of what’s possible with Arduino, developers must explore ways to optimize the onboard ADCs or incorporate external high-speed ADCs. This guide dives into techniques for improving ADC performance, highlights suitable external ADC modules, and explores advanced microcontroller options for achieving faster and more accurate analog signal sampling.

  1. Knowing the ADC on Arduino Boards: 

The ATmega328P microcontroller, which powers the majority of Arduino boards (such as the Uno and Nano), has a 10-bit SAR ADC with:

  • For a 9.6 kSPS sampling rate, the default ADC clock is approximately 125 kHz.
  • At least six analog input channels
  • Options for internal, external, and AVcc voltage references
  • By altering prescaler parameters and sacrificing resolution and noise, the ADC clock can be 
  1. Increasing the Internal ADC’s Speed:

To speed up the sampling process: Modify the ADC prescaler (it is set to 128 by default):

Increasing the Internal ADC's Speed

Use the free running mode to sample continuously:

Increasing the Internal ADC's Speed

For fast processing, read ADC results in ISR (ADC_vect). At 8bit resolution, you can reach up to about 77 kSPS, although precision is decreased.

  1. External Arduino High-Speed ADCs:
  • Think about using external ADC ICs to overcome the limitations of the onboard ADC.Popular choices include of:
  • Texas Instruments’ ADS1115: 16bit, 860 SPS 

via I2C

  • ADS1015: I2C, 12-bit, 3.3 kSPSMCP3208: SPI, 12-bit, 100 kSPSAD7606: up to 200 kSPS, 16bit, simultaneous sampling
  • ADS8320: 100 kSPS, 16-bit SPI interfaceBecause I2C is comparatively slower, use SPI-based ADCs for higher sampling 
  1. Connecting an External SPI ADC (MCP3208, for instance):
  • Connect the power, VREF, and SPI lines (MISO, MOSI, SCK, and CS).
  • Utilize the SPI library.

Connecting an External SPI ADC (MCP3208, for instance)

Short SPI transfers and effective programming can help you reach speeds that are nearly 100 kSPS.

  1. Techniques for Sampling Optimization:
  • For speed, use direct port manipulation rather than 
  • If supported, such as on SAMD21-based boards like Arduino Zero, use interrupts or DMA.
  • Reduce ADC noise by using decoupling capacitors and appropriate Op-amps are used to buffer input signals for impedance matching.
  1. Sophisticated Choices for Rapid Acquisition:
  • Teensy 4.0/4.1: Provides fast 12-bit ADCs with an ARM processor operating at 600+ MHz and DMA.
  • STM32 Boards: Fast ADCs that allow DMA (e.g., Blue Pill, STM32F4).
  • The 12-bit SAR ADC ESP32 can convert 

Data more quickly, but its accuracy is limited. Advanced processing and quicker sample rates are supported by these platforms.

In conclusion

Arduino can manage more complex analog applications than you might think, whether you modify the integrated ADC or use external high-speed converters. You can greatly increase your analog sampling capabilities for complex projects by being aware of the constraints and utilizing the appropriate methods and materials.