Operating System Scheduling Algorithms Explained: Essential for Embedded and IoT Systems

Operating system scheduling algorithms decide how processes are handled by the CPU. From real-time IoT tasks to embedded systems development, choosing the right algorithm boosts system efficiency, speed, and responsiveness.

1.Understanding the Basics of Process and Scheduling

Operating systems lie at the heart of all computing devices—from IoT sensors to advanced embedded systems. One of their most vital roles is managing how tasks are executed through scheduling.

What is a Process in Operating Systems?

A process is a program that is currently executing. When a program is loaded into memory and starts execution, it becomes a process. This is a core concept in any operating system and is especially relevant in the best embedded systems course in Bangalore, where students must understand how multitasking and resource allocation work.

What is a Process Scheduler?

A process scheduler is a part of the operating system responsible for selecting which process in the ready queue should be executed by the CPU next. This component plays a crucial role in managing CPU resources efficiently, particularly in IoT applications and embedded systems, where performance is paramount.

Types of Scheduling Algorithms

Scheduling algorithms are the methods used to decide the order in which processes are executed. These algorithms are broadly classified into:
– Preemptive Scheduling: Higher-priority processes can interrupt lower-priority ones.
– Non-Preemptive Scheduling: Once a process starts execution, it cannot be stopped until it finishes.

2. Top CPU Scheduling Algorithms used in Embedded Systems and IoT

In operating systems, various scheduling algorithms determine how processes are selected for execution. Each algorithm has unique characteristics suited for different types of systems, especially in embedded and IoT environments.

First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)

• Jobs are executed in the order they arrive.
• It’s a non-preemptive algorithm.
• Implemented using a FIFO (First-In, First-Out) queue.
• Easy to implement but results in long average waiting times, making it less ideal for real-time IoT systems.

Shortest Job Next (SJN) / Shortest Job First (SJF)

• Selects the job with the shortest estimated processing time.
• Can be preemptive or non-preemptive.
• Excellent for batch systems where process execution time is known in advance.
• Not practical for interactive systems where process length is unknown.

Priority Scheduling

• Each process is assigned a priority.
• The CPU executes the highest-priority process first.
• If multiple processes have the same priority, FCFS is applied.
• Priorities can be based on memory, execution time, or I/O needs.
• Widely covered in the best IoT course in Bangalore with placement for efficient task management.

Shortest Remaining Time (SRT)

• Preemptive variant of SJN.
• The process with the shortest remaining time is always selected.
• May be preempted by a new process with even less execution time.
• Ideal for batch jobs, not for systems with unpredictable workloads.

Round Robin (RR)

• Each process gets a fixed time slot, called a quantum.
• After the time is up, the CPU switches to the next process.
• Ensures fairness and responsiveness.
• Heavily used in time-sharing and IoT environments for balanced CPU usage.

Multiple-Level Queues

• Processes are grouped into different queues based on their nature (CPU-bound, I/O-bound, etc.).
• Each queue can use its scheduling algorithm.
• Allows for complex scheduling logic.
• Particularly useful in embedded systems with diverse task types.

3. Preemptive vs. Non-Preemptive Scheduling in Embedded Systems

Understanding the difference between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling is key to designing responsive and efficient systems. These methods impact how the CPU handles process prioritization and task switching.

Preemptive Scheduling

Enables better responsiveness and priority handling.
Ideal for real-time IoT systems and multitasking environments.
Common in interactive applications requiring immediate attention.

Non-Preemptive Scheduling

Simpler and has lower overhead.
Suitable for batch processing systems or non-interactive embedded devices.
These scheduling decisions directly impact system performance, especially in devices with limited resources, such as IoT sensors and microcontroller-based projects taught in the best embedded systems courses.

Conclusion: Why Scheduling Algorithms Matter in IoT and Embedded Systems

Choosing the right scheduling algorithm is crucial in designing responsive and efficient systems. Whether you’re building a real-time IoT device or working with a multitasking embedded system, understanding these scheduling methods helps optimize CPU usage and system behavior.

These algorithms are key modules taught in the best embedded systems course in Bangalore with placement support, ensuring that students gain both theoretical knowledge and practical insights.

If you’re looking to master these concepts hands-on, join the best embedded systems course in Bangalore with placement or the best IoT training institute in Bangalore. Learn not just theory, but real-world applications that prepare you for a successful tech career.

FAQ: Operating System Scheduling Algorithms

Q: Which scheduling algorithm is best for real-time embedded systems?

A: Round Robin and Priority Scheduling are commonly used due to their responsiveness and flexibility.

Q: Is FCFS suitable for IoT-based applications?

A: Not usually. FCFS can lead to high waiting times, which is not ideal for time-sensitive tasks in IoT systems.
Q:  Is Shortest Job First (SJF) suitable for real-time embedded systems

A: No, because the exact execution time of a process is usually unknown in real-time environments.

Q: Why are CPU scheduling algorithms important in Embedded & IoT systems?

A: They teach how to manage limited CPU and memory resources effectively—core challenges in embedded system design.