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OSI vs TCP/IP Models: Network Layered Architecture Guide INTRODUCTION The International Standards Organization (ISO) was set up in 1947 to achieve global agreement on standards around the world. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is an ISO standard, introduced in the late 1970s, that covers every part …

Class vs Struct in C++: Differences, Syntax & Usage INTRODUCTION In C++, both classes and structures are powerful tools for defining custom data types that group related data and functions. Although they share many characteristics, such as supporting member functions and enabling object-oriented programming features, …

Microcontrollers and MATLAB: Bridging Code with Control INTRODUCTION In today’s fast-evolving world of embedded systems, combining the power of microcontrollers with MATLAB offers a highly efficient and intelligent approach to hardware development. Microcontrollers serve as the heart of physical computing, executing tasks such as motor …

Understanding Embedded MATLAB for Real-Time Systems INTRODUCTION In modern embedded systems development, the need for high-performance computation, real-time responsiveness, and efficient code generation is greater than ever. Embedded MATLAB—a subset of the MATLAB language optimized for code generation—plays a crucial role in meeting these demands. …

IPC Using Semaphores in C – Types & System Calls INTRODUCTION In modern operating systems, processes often need to communicate and coordinate with each other, especially when they share resources such as memory, files, or hardware devices. This coordination, known as inter process communication (IPC), …