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Electromagnetic Theory: The Invisible Force behind Modern Technology INTRODUCTION Electromagnetic theory is the invisible force that powers much of our modern world—from Wi-Fi and smartphones to MRI machines and electric motors. It’s a fascinating branch of physics that explores how electric and magnetic fields interact, …

Introduction to Linux Shell and Shell Scripting INTRODUCTION If we run any significant operating system, the shell is involved in our operations. Whenever we use the terminal to run Ubuntu, Linux Mint, or any other Linux distribution, we are using the shell. In this article, …

Shell Scripting Basics: Uses, Benefits, and Examples INTRODUCTION Normally, shells are interactive—meaning the shell accepts commands from you via the keyboard and executes them immediately. However, if you store a sequence of commands in a text file and instruct the shell to execute that file, …

OSI vs TCP/IP Models: Network Layered Architecture Guide INTRODUCTION The International Standards Organization (ISO) was set up in 1947 to achieve global agreement on standards around the world. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is an ISO standard, introduced in the late 1970s, that covers every part …

Class vs Struct in C++: Differences, Syntax & Usage INTRODUCTION In C++, both classes and structures are powerful tools for defining custom data types that group related data and functions. Although they share many characteristics, such as supporting member functions and enabling object-oriented programming features, …